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Ataxia, Hereditary, Autosomal Dominant

NORD is very grateful to Thomas Bird, MD, Professor of Neurology, Head of the Division of Neurogenetics, University of Washington; Research Neurologist, Seattle VA Medical Center, for assistance in the preparation of this report.

Synonyms of Ataxia, Hereditary, Autosomal Dominant

  • dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy
  • episodic ataxia
  • progressive cerebellar ataxia, familial
  • SCA
  • spinocerebellar staxia

Disorder Subdivisions

  • Marie's ataxia

General Discussion

The hereditary ataxias are a group of neurological disorders (ataxias) of varying degrees of rarity that are inherited, in contrast to a related group of neurological disorders that are acquired through accidents, injuries, or other external agents. The hereditary ataxias are characterized by degenerative changes in the brain and spinal cord that lead to an awkward, uncoordinated walk (gait) accompanied often by poor eye-hand coordination and abnormal speech (dysarthria). Hereditary ataxia in one or another of its forms may present at almost any time between infancy and adulthood.

The classification of hereditary ataxias is complex with several schools of thought vying for recognition. This report follows the classification presented by Dr. Thomas D. Bird and the University of Washington's GeneReviews.

This classification is based on the pattern of inheritance or mode of genetic transmission of the disorder: i.e., autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked. The autosomal dominant ataxias, also called the spinocerebellar ataxias, are usually identified as SCA1 through SCA31. Also included are several "episodic ataxias", as well as a very rare disorder known as DRPLA (dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy). This report deals with the autosomal dominant hereditary ataxias. There are fewer autosomal recessive hereditary ataxias than autosomal dominant hereditary ataxias, and X-linked forms of ataxia are very rare.

At one time, all autosomal dominant ataxias were called Marie's ataxia and all autosomal recessive ataxias were called Friedreich's ataxia. This is no longer appropriate because there is now much more accurate information about these diseases.

Symptoms

Ataxia is most often associated with degeneration of the region of the brain known as the cerebellum where movement, posture, and balance are coordinated. Thus, many of the symptoms and signs are those expected from cerebellar dysfunction. Ataxia may also be associated with damage (lesions) to the spine. Symptoms and signs often include a characteristic wide-based and unsteady way of walking (gait) that may be accompanied by awkward eye-hand coordination and slow, weak, or imprecise speech.

Other symptoms and signs may include involuntary eye movement (nystagmus) or double vision (diplopia), sensory loss, and cognitive impairment.

Some types of ataxia may be complicated by vision disorders including optic atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, and eye movement paralysis (ophthalmoplegia). Other types of hereditary ataxia may be associated with heart disease, breathing problems, bone abnormalities and diabetes.

Some clinical features that may be associated with specific forms of autosomal dominant hereditary ataxia are listed below. In this list, SCA refers to spinocerebellar ataxia; DRPLA refers to dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy; EA refers to episodic ataxia; and SAX refers to spastic ataxia.

SCA1: Tremors of the hands (Parkinson-like), numbness in fingers and toes (peripheral neuropathy)

SCA2: Involuntary, irregular eye movements that occur when changing focus from one point to another (saccade), numbness of fingers and toes (peripheral neuropathy), loss of deep tendon reflexes such as at the kneecap, sometimes dementia

SCA3 (Machado Joseph Disease): Hand tremors, some rigidity, slowness of movement (extrapyramidal signs), involuntary eye movement (nystagmus), drawn back eyelids (lid retraction), numbness (sensory loss), eye jerking (saccade), muscle weakness and wasting (amyotrophy) with muscle twitches

SCA4: Progressive painless clumsiness, muscle weakness and atrophy

SCA5: Early onset and slow progression

SCA6: Very slow course, usually adult onset

SCA7: Damage to the retina (retinopathy) with vision loss

SCA8: Decreased sense of vibrations

SCA10: Occasional seizures

SCA11: Mild signs, able to walk about

SCA12: Early tremor, late dementia

SCA13: Mild mental retardation, short stature

SCA14: Slow progression of disease

SCA15: Very slow worsening of the walk or gait

SCA16: Head tremor

SCA17: Mental function declines

SCA19: Mild ataxia, spasms (myoclonus), mental deterioration and tremor

SCA21: Mild mental deterioration

SCA22: Slow worsening of the walk or gait

SCA25: Associated sensory neuropathy

SCA26: Dysarthria, irregular visual pursuits

SCA27: Early onset tremor, cognitive deficits

SCA28: Nystagmus, ptosis

SCA29: childhood learning deficits

SCA30: Hyper reflexia

SCA31: Normal sensation

DRPLA: Rapid, sudden involuntary movements (chorea), seizures, dementia, shocklike spasms (myoclonus)

EA1: Involuntary, rippling, muscular motion (myokymia), startle- or exercise-induced,

EA2: Involuntary rapid eye movements (nystagmus), dizziness (vertigo)

EA3: Vertigo, spasticity, involuntary eye movements (vestibulo-ocular reflex), ringing in the ears (tinnitus), double vision (diplopia)

EA4: Vertigo, rippling of muscles (myokymia), ringing in ears (tinnitus), double vision, and blurred vision

SAX1: Progressive leg spasticity

Causes

As noted above, some forms of the hereditary ataxias are transmitted in a dominant mode, others are transmitted through a recessive mode, and still others are transmitted in an X-linked fashion. This report deals with the disorders transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion.

For many of the ataxias, the site of the faulty gene is known or the actual involved gene has been identified. These are listed below for autosomal dominant hereditary ataxias.

SCA1: 6p23; ATXN1
SCA2: 12q24; ATXN2
SCA3: 14q24.3-q31; ATXN3
SCA4: 16q22.1
SCA5: 11p11-q11; SPTBN2
SCA6: 19p13; CACNA1A
SCA7: 3p21.1-p12; ATXN7
SCA8: 13q21; ATXN8 / ATXN80S
SCA10: 22q13; ATXN10
SCA11: 15q14-q21.3; TTBK2
SCA12: 5q31-q33; PPP2R2B
SCA13: 19q13.3-q13.4; KCNC3
SCA14: 19q13.4-qter; PRKCG
SCA15: ITPR1
SCA16: 8q22.1-q24.1; SCA16SCA17: 6q27; TBP
SCA18: IFRD1
SCA19: SCA19
SCA20: 11q12.2-11q12.3
SCA21: 7p21-p15; SCA21SCA22: 1p21-q23
SCA23: PDYN
SCA25: 2p15-21; SCA25
SCA26: 19p13.3
SCA27: FGF14
SCA28: AFG3L2
SCA29: 3p26
SCA30: 4q34.3-q35.1
SCA31: BEAN1

DRPLA: 12p13.31; ATN1

EA1: 12p13; KCNA1
EA2: 19p13; CACNA1A
2q22-q23; CACNB4
EA3: 1q42
EA5: CACNB4
EA6: SLC1A3

SAX1: 12p13

Chromosomes, which are present in the nucleus of human cells, carry the genetic information for each individual. Human body cells normally have 46 chromosomes. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22 and the sex chromosomes are designated X and Y. Males have one X and one Y chromosome, and females have two X chromosomes. Each chromosome has a short arm designated "p" and a long arm designated "q". Chromosomes are further sub-divided into many bands that are numbered. For example, "chromosome 11p11-q11" refers to a region between band 11 on the short arm of chromosome 11 and band 11 on the long arm of chromosome 11. The numbered bands specify the location of the thousands of genes that are present on each chromosome.

Genetic diseases are determined by the combination of genes for a particular trait that are on the chromosomes received from the father and the mother.

All individuals carry a few abnormal genes but they cause no problems because they are only present in single copies. Parents who are close relatives (consanguineous) have a higher chance than unrelated parents to both carry the same abnormal gene, which increases the risk to have children with a recessive genetic disorder.

Dominant genetic disorders occur when only a single copy of an abnormal gene is necessary for the appearance of the disease. The abnormal gene can be inherited from either parent, or can be the result of a new mutation (gene change) in the affected individual. The risk of passing the abnormal gene from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.

Autosomal dominant hereditary ataxias have been further classified as trinucleotide repeat disorders. A trinucleotide repeat is a segment of DNA that is repeated. An abnormally large number of repeated segments of DNA can interfere with normal protein function. Trinucleotide repeats are unstable and can change in length when a gene containing them is passed to the next generation. An increased number of repeats often leads to an earlier age of onset and more severe disease.

Some forms of ataxia are not hereditary and can occur as a result of severe infections or side effects of drugs or alcohol. In many cases, ataxia is a symptom of another neurological disorder rather than a distinct and separate illness.

Affected Populations

Hereditary ataxias affect males and females in equal numbers. It is estimated that 150,000 people in the United States are affected by, or at risk for, hereditary ataxia. There is variation among the specific forms of hereditary ataxia as to when they typically first appear.

Related Disorders

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) refers to a group of ataxias characterized by progressive neurological degeneration affecting the cerebellum, the pons and the inferior olives. OPCA may be classified based on clinical, genetic, or neuropathological findings; thus, there are many classifications of the disorder. Many of these cases now fall into the SCA category. Among the different classifications, there is wide variation in severity and age of onset. The symptoms of OPCA differ from person to person. Most patients experience difficulty with balance and coordination of the legs and arms (ataxia) and slurred speech (dysarthria). Other symptoms may include muscle spasms or weakness and stiffness of the muscles; numbness or tingling of the hands or feet; shaking (tremor) of the hand or arm; reduction or slowness of movements; loss of thinking and/or memory skills; difficulty controlling the bladder or bowels; and feeling faint when standing up. Some patients also have fatigue and/or trouble with sleep. Generally, symptoms of OPCA begin in mid-adult life and progress slowly over the course of many years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy, Hereditary" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) refers to three slowly progressive related disorders that affect the central and autonomic nervous systems. The disorders are olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), which primarily affects balance, coordination, and speech; a parkinsonian form (striatonigral degeneration), which can resemble Parkinson's disease because of slow movement and stiff muscles; and a form sometimes called Shy-Drager disease. In all three forms of MSA, the patient can have a drop in blood pressure when the patient stands up, which causes dizziness or momentary blackouts. Other symptoms may include stiffness and rigidity, loss of balance and coordination, impaired speech, breathing and swallowing difficulties, blurred vision, male impotence, constipation and urinary difficulties. Most patients develop dementia late in the course of the disease, which is usually diagnosed in persons over age 50. MSA is twice as common in men as in women. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Multiple System Atrophy" as your seach term in the Rare Disease Database.)

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is usually inherited as a dominant trait. However, in some families it can occur as a recessive trait or even as an X-linked trait. This hereditary form of peripheral nerve disease is characterized by weakness and atrophy, primarily in the legs. Disappearance of the fatty shield surrounding the nerves (segmental demyelination of peripheral nerves) and associated degeneration of part of the nerve cells (axons) characterize this disorder. When it is passed to offspring as an X-linked trait, it affects males more severely than females. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).

Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive type of hereditary neuromuscular syndrome characterized by slow degenerative changes of the spinal cord, peripheral nerves and the brain. Dysfunction of the central nervous system affects coordination of the muscles in the limbs. Speech can be affected and numbness or weakness of the arms and legs develop. Various transitional and overlapping forms of Friedreich's ataxia can occur. This syndrome appears to be the most common of the many forms of hereditary ataxia. It usually begins during childhood or the teen years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ataxia, Friedreich" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).

Ataxia telangiectasia, also known as Louis-Bar syndrome, is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is a progressive cerebellar ataxia that usually begins during infancy. It involves progressive loss of coordination in the limbs, head and eyes with a below-normal immune response to infections. In later stages, dilated blood vessels (telangiectasias) appear in the eyes and skin. Individuals with this form of ataxia are more susceptible to sinus and lung infections, and are at higher risk for developing certain tumors (neoplasms). Ataxia telangiectasia may be misdiagnosed as Friedreich ataxia until dilated blood vessels appear in the skin (telangiectasias). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ataxia Telangiectasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).

Standard Therapies

Diagnosis
For a diagnosis of hereditary ataxia, there must be a neurological examination that shows poorly coordinated gait, often combined with uncoordinated finger/hand movements. Difficulty with speech (dysarthria) and uncontrolled eye movements (nystagmus) may also be present. In addition, non-genetic causes of ataxia must be excluded. The hereditary nature of the disorder may be established by a positive family history of ataxia or identifying an ataxia-causing gene mutation.

Molecular genetic testing is currently available for many hereditary ataxias. To find out whether that is the case for specific ones, speak to your physician or a certified genetic counselor or access the GeneTests website (www.genetests.org).

Treatment
Treatment of ataxia is symptomatic and supportive. Continuous medical supervision to avoid potential complications involving the heart, lungs spine, bones and muscles is recommended. Mental functions usually remain unaffected in most forms of hereditary ataxia but emotional strain can affect patients and their families. In such cases, psychological counseling may be helpful.

Physical therapy may be recommended by a physician. In addition, various aids may assist muscular movement. Some drugs may be useful in treating some symptoms of ataxia. Propanalol may be effective against static tremors, for instance. Dantrolene, Baclofen, or Tizanidine may help some patients with muscle spasms of the legs. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and families affected by the hereditary ataxias.

Investigational Therapies

Clinical trials involving the hereditary ataxias are currently in progress, sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

National Ataxia Registry (NAR)
A patient registry for individuals in the United States with any type of ataxia or who are at risk for ataxia. Go to www.nationalataxiaregistry.org to register. If you have questions or encounter problems please contact the Research Coordinator by email at nationalataxiaregistry@neurology.ufl.edu or leave a voicemail message with your name and phone number at (352) 273-9195

Clinical and Molecular Correlation in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 10 (SCA10)
In this study, blood will be collected from members of families with autosomal dominant hereditary ataxias for detailed molecular genetic analysis. This trial is being conducted in cooperation with Baylor College of Medicine and will take place at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas.

For further information please contact:

Tetsuo Ashizawa, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Tel: 409-772-2466

Study ID Numbers are: 199/11796; BCM-H4499


Phenotype/Genotype Correlations in Movement Disorders
This observational study is designed to establish accurate clinical diagnosis of inherited movement disorders in families using the newest technological means in order to study the underlying molecular processes. Patients with good genealogical records are especially desired for this study. If a patient presents with disease about which the molecular basis is well known, then the clinical presentation (phenotype) will be correlated with known chromosomal and molecular characteristics (genotype).

For further information please contact:

Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892

Tel: 800-411-1222
e-mail: prpl@mail.cc.nih.gov

Study ID numbers are: 010206; 01-N-0206


Study of Inherited Neurological Disorders
This study is designed to learn more about the natural history of inherited neurological disorders and the role of hereditary in their development. Children and adults may be eligible for this study.

For further information please contact:

Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 30892

Tel: 800-411-1222
e-mail: prpl@mail.cc.nih.gov

Study ID numbers are: 000043; 00-N-0043


RISCA : Prospective Study of Individuals at Risk for SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited progressive ataxia disorders. It is estimated that there are 30,000 individuals in the European Community that directly descend from individuals affected by a SCA disorder and thus carry a 50% risk of having inherited an SCA mutation. These at risk individuals provide a unique research opportunity to prospectively study the presymptomatic phase of SCA disorders and to identify the earliest and most sensitive clinical signs and biological markers that herald the onset of the illness. This information is of critical importance for the development of future therapeutic interventions aimed at postponing the clinical onset of ataxia.
Sponsor: Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, France
Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital; Paris, France, 75013
Contact: Alexandra Durr, MD, PHD alexandra.durr@upmc.fr

Study ID Numbers: NCT01037777


Efficacy of Riluzole in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia
The hereditary cerebellar ataxias include diverse neurodegenerative disorders. Hereditary ataxias can be divided into autosomal dominant ataxias (ADCAs), autosomal recessive ataxias (ARCAs), X-linked, and mitochondrial ataxias on the basis of mode of inheritance. The key feature in all these disorders is ataxia typically characterized by poor balance, hand incoordination, postural or kinetic tremor, dysarthria and dysphagia.

The present protocol is aimed at verifying the safety and efficacy of riluzole administration for a longer period, in a larger sample size of patients, with more stringent diagnostic criteria (hereditary cerebellar ataxia), respect to the above pilot study. Sixty patients will be enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. By central randomisation, patients will take 50 mg of riluzole or placebo twice daily for 12 months. Treatment effects will be assessed by comparing the ICARS and Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) before treatment and during therapy at months 3, 6, 9 ,12.

Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), S. Andrea Hospital, II Faculty of Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy, 00139
Contact: Giovanni Ristori, MD +390633776044 giovanni.ristori@uniroma1.it Contact: Silvia Romano, MD, PhD +390633776044 silvia.romano@uniroma1.it

Study ID Numbers: NCT01104649


Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.

For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:

Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
Email: prpl@cc.nih.gov

For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
www.centerwatch.com

Organizations related to Ataxia, Hereditary, Autosomal Dominant

References

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Margolis RL. The spinocerebellar ataxias: order emerges from chaos. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002;2:447-56.

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Gomez CM. (Updated June 16, 2008) Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). The Johns Hopkins University. Spinocerebellar Ataxia 11; SCA11. Entry No: 604432. Last Edited December 21, 2007. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Lin X, Ashizawa T.. (Updated November 1, 2007). Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Bird TD, Pagon RA, La Spada AR.(Updated September 6, 2007). Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Subramony SH, McDaniel DO, Smith SC, Vig Parminder JS. (Updated August 3, 2007). Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Toyoshima Y, Onodera O, Yamada M, Tsuji S, Takahashi H . (Updated August 1, 2007). Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 17. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Margolis RL, O'Hearn E, Holmes SE, Srivastava AK, Mukherji M, Sinha K. (Updated March 12, 2007). Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 12. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Ikeda Y, Dalton JC, Day JW, Ranum LPW. (Updated February 7, 2007). Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Pulst SM. (Updated November 9, 2006) Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 13. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Hain TC. Cerebellar Disorders.
www.tchain.com/otoneurology/disorders/central/cerebellar/cerebellar.htm. Updated July 26, 2002. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Stenerson M. Trinucleotide Repeat Disordershttp://hopes.stanford.edu/n3485/hd-and-brain/other-neurodegenerative-disorders/trinucleotide-repeat-disorders. Updated September 25, 2001. Accessed March 24, 2011.

Hain TC. Cerebellar Degenerations. www.tchain.com/otoneurology/disorders/central/cerebellar/sca.htm. Updated February 20, 2000. Accessed March 24, 2011.

International Network of Ataxia Friends. Dominant Ataxias. http://internaf.org/ataxia/dominant.html. Accessed March 24, 2011.

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Report last updated: 2011/03/25 00:00:00 GMT+0

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